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PH结构域的结构和功能研究进展
[ 文章来源: | 文章作者: | 发布时间:2006-12-20|  字体: [ ]  

部位与PIP2的结合区有重叠,所以PIP2对PKC与Btk的结合可能有竞争作用〖13〗.对于Btk与PKC的结合的生理意义,我们观察到,PKC在体外对Btk的活性有抑制作用,尤其当在细胞内使用PKC抑制剂时,抑制剂可以明显促进Btk对外源刺激的活化反应.但这种负调节现象在细胞内信息传递网络中究竟起着什么样的作用,目前仍在探讨中.

3  PH 结构域与PIP2和 IP3的相互作用 

  PH 结构域不仅介导蛋白质──蛋白质相互作用,还可能通过与PIP2或 IP3的作用介导蛋白质—脂质相互作?1993年,Cifuentes等发现PLC-d 1的N-末端部分,包括PH 结构域,可以形成一个与PIP2结合的部位〖14〗.Harlan等(1994)应用离心方法研究发现,几种PH结构域(Tsk、Ras-GAP和b -ARK)都可特异地与含PIP2的脂膜结合,这一结合涉及PH结构域带正电荷的一面,结合于“b -桶 ”的边上〖15〗. 进一步的研究表明,PLC-d 1 PH 结构域与PIP2和IP3都有高度亲和力与PIP2的亲和力最高.Ferguson等(1995) 研究发现,PLC-d 1PH 结构域带正电荷的一面上的b 1/b 2b 3/b 4两个连接环主要与IP3肌醇环上的第4和第5两个磷酸基团结合〖16〗.但Harlan等 (1994)发现,Spectrin只微弱地与IP3结合 ,Pleckstrin中的PH 结构域与脂膜中PIP2亲和力也很低,〖15〗.目前尚不清楚为什么不同的PH 结构域有不同的脂质结合性.

  有人认为,PH 结构域可能通过与磷脂结合而引导信号蛋白在膜上定位,从而使信号蛋白传递膜上信号.Whitehead等(1995)发现,PH 结构域引导Ifc蛋白质到膜上是细胞转化的必要步骤,而Ifc是一种与鸟苷酸交换因子(GEF)和PKC调节区结构非常相似的原癌基因〖17〗.

  另外,在对PH 结构域与Gb g 、PKC和磷脂酰肌醇衍生物的结合部位分析中我们发现,PH 结构域与后三者的结合均在PH 结构域带正电荷的一面,并与三个可变环相关.是否它们与PH 结构域的结合位置相同?还是有各自的特异结合点?这些还需我们进一步研究确实.不过,对于SH2结构域,的确存在着PIP2和磷酸酪氨酸蛋白的结合竞争现象.Pitcher等(1995)曾研究发现,PH 结构域介导的b - ARK的膜结合和激活需要PH 结构域-Gb g 和PH结构域-脂质的共结合,只有这样,才能加速激动剂依赖的受体磷酸化,这可能是一种新的蛋白质膜结合机制〖18〗.

  综上所述,PH结构域在细胞信号传递网络中的作用研究已经取得了相当大的进展,但是,要最终明确各种PH结构域的功能、这些不同种类PH结构域在配体结合上有多大的选择性和差异性以及它们在各自的信号传递途径中有什么样的作用等还需做大量工作,这些问题的明确将对细胞内信号转导途径的理解有更大的帮助.

参考文献

1. Mayer BJ, Ren R, Clark KL, et al. A putative modular domain present in diverse signaling molecules.Cell,1993,73(4):629~30

2. Haslam RJ, Koide HB, and Hemmings BA. Pleckstrin homology domain. Nature,1993,363(6477):309~10

3. Ferguson KM, Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J, et al. Crystal structure at 2.2A resolution of the pleckstrin homology domain from human dynamin.Cell,1994,79(21):199~209

4. Yoon HS, Hajduk PJ, Patros AM, et al. Solution structure of a pleckstrin-homology domain.Nature,1994,369(6482):672~5

5. Rawling DJ, Saffran DC, Tsukada S, et al. Mutation of unique region of Bruton`s tyrosine kinase in immunodeficient XID mice.Science,1993,261(3):358~61

6. Tsukada S, Saffran DC, Rawling DJ, et al. Deficient expression of a B cell cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase in human X-linked Amammaglobulinemia.Cell,1993,72(2):279~90

7. Touhara K, Inglese J, Pitcher JA, et al. Binding of G protein b g -subunits to pleckstrin homology domains. J Biol Chem,1994,269(14):10217~20

8. Srinivason V, Waterfield MD, and Blundell TL. Comparative analysis of the regions beta gamma-subunits in G alpha and PH domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,1996,220(3):697~702

9. Tsukada S, simon MJ, Witte ON, et al. Binding of beta gamma subunits of heterotrimetric G proteins to the PH domain of Bruton tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1994,91(23):11256~60

10. Langhans Rajasekaran SA, Wan Y, and Huang XY. Activation of Tsk and Btk Tyrosine kinase by G peotein beta gamma subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1995,92(19):8601~5

11. Nishizuka Y .The molecular heterogeneity of protein kinase C and its implication for cellular regulation .Nature ,1988,334(6184):661~5

12. Yao L, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T, et al. The pleckstrin homology domain of Bruton tyrisine kinase interacts with protein kinase C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1994,91(19):9175~9

13. Yao L, Suzuki H, Ozawa K, et al. Interactions between protein kinase C and PH domains: inhibition by phosphotidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and PMA.J Biol Chem.(in press)

14. Cifuentes ME, HankanenL, and Rebecchi MJ. Proteolytic fragments of phosphoinositide .J Biol Chem,1993,268(16):11586~93

15. Harlan JE, Hajduk PJ, Yoon HS ,et al. Pleckstrin homology domains bind to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate.Nature,1994,371(8):168~170

16. Ferguson KM, Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J,et al. Structure of the high affinity complex of inositol trisphosphate with a phospholipase C pleckstrin homology domains. Cell,1995,83(6):1037~46

17. Whitehead I, Kirk H, Togron C, et al. Expression cloning of Lfc,a novel oncogene with structure similarities to guanine nucleotide exchange factor and to the regulatory region of protein kinases C.J Biol Chem,1995,270(31):18388~95

18. Pitcher JA, Touhara K, Dayne ES, et al. Pleckstrin homology domain-mediated membrane association and activation of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase requires coordinate interaction with G beta gamma subunits and lipid. J Biol Chem,1995,270(20):11707~10

Structure and Function of PH Domain

Ji-cun Wang Li-bo Yao

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Fourth Military Medical University xi`an 710032

Abstract: The PH domain is a protein module of approximately 120 amino acid residues founded in many proteins involved in signal transduction. The PH domains are similar to each other in their three-dimentional structures ,and the major structure difference among them lies in the three variable loops in the structures. The PH domain is electrostatically-polarized and the variable loops are on the positively-charged surface, which may serve as a ligand-binding surface. So far ,it has been found that PH domains can interact with the b g -subunits of G protein (Gb g )、protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 or inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)). All these implied that PH domain might play an important role in the interaction between the signaling molecules and help to form the signal transduction network.

Key Words:PH domain, signal transduction

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